The History of the John Deere Tractor, are available in a wide price range starting from just Rs 5 lakhs to Rs 30 lakhs. The cheapest John Deere tractor is John Deere 3028EN which is priced at Rs 5 lakhs. The costliest tractor is John Deere 6120 B in India which costs Rs 30 lakhs. Additionally, there are costlier tractors available in the international line-up.

The History of the Swaraj Tractor, Swaraj- a brand that is well known among farmers all over India, was named after Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of Swaraj (Meaning-Self Governance). Swaraj started its journey of being the 2nd largest tractor manufacturer from CMRI, Durgapur back in 1965. Sowing its seeds in the steel city of West Bengal (Durgapur), specializing in agricultural implement industry. The Timeline of Swaraj Tractors: Post commencement of their business at Durgapur in 1965 swaraj tractors had gone through various reformations and was in talks in the market as there were no major brands in the competition. With exceptional engineering and use of state-of-the-art technology, swaraj was gaining eyeballs, the Punjab government took-over the swaraj brand in 1970 under its subsidiary Punjab Tractor Limited (PTL). 

The History of the Mahindra Tractor, With the largest consumer base in India, North America, South Asia, and to an extent in Australia, Mahindra Tractors is the flagship division of the Mahindra Farm Equipment Sector of Indian conglomerate Mahindra & Mahindra. Mahindra Tractors is the largest manufacturer of tractors in India and manufactures more than 300,000 tractors annually.
Mahindra created a joint venture with the International Harvester and began manufacturing Mahindra Tractors for the Indian market first in 1962. The result was Mahindra’s first tractor, the B-275. The idea behind creating this tractor was to create a tractor that could do well on the rugged Indian terrain. It then went ahead and sold 85,000 units of this tractor and since then, there was no looking back for Mahindra Tractors.

The idea behind creating tractors by Mahindra was to support the evolution of the Indian agricultural scenario with modern innovations and technological advancements. Mahindra tried to understand the needs of the farmers and tried to accordingly create products that could accelerate farming. Today, Mahindra has solutions that can help farmers across all stages of farming, i.e., from the preparation of the land to harvesting of crops. The central idea behind Mahindra tractors was not only to make farming easy but to also improve the productivity of the farmers, enable them to prosper, and to secure their future.
Mahindra Tractors have been the leader in the market since 1983. It is the market leader in most states in India except Rajasthan which is led by Massey Ferguson. Mahindra purchased 60% of Gujarat Tractors from the Government of Gujarat in 1999. These tractors are now rebranded as Trakstar and MGTL has been renamed as Gromax Agri Equipment Ltd. Mahindra acquired a majority stake in Punjab Tractors Ltd in 2007 and it was merged with Mahindra Tractors in 2009. Mahindra retained the Swaraj brand name which is now the 2nd largest tractor brand in India.

In 2011, Mahindra Tractors pioneered the 15HP Yuvraj tractor to replace the animal power on farms.
Mahindra Yuvraj 215 NXT Tractor is in the 20 HP range, compact design and hence ideal for small lands, orchards, etc. Mahindra JIVO 245 DI Tractor is in the range of 30 HP range are best suited for medium-sized land and orchards. Mahindra 275 DI TU tractor is in the range of 40 HP range have a fuel-efficient technology and are loaded with advanced features that help a farmer do more work in less time and reap great results. Mahindra 575 DI, Mahindra 475 DI, Mahindra Yuvo 575 DI and Mahindra Arjun 555 DI tractors are in the range of 50 HP category, are best suited for large lands and farms that need high powered tractors. Mahindra Arjun NOVO 605 DI-I Tractor is the in the category of above 50HP, designed with an advanced farm technology that works best on several complex farms and non-farm applications too. And the new 60 HP range and above The History of the Mahindra Tractor Mahindra Novo 655 DI tractor do a great job on both farm and non-farm applications and have many modern features.
Mahindra Tractors since its inception has been growing steadily and spreading its wings all over the world. It is now expanding in the Farm Machinery space and has bought many niche players such as SAMPO in Finland, Mitsubishi Agri Machinery in Japan, Hisarlar and Erkunt in Turkey. However, all these acquisitions have a limited product range and lack a natural market for Mahindra as a whole.

The History of the Massey Ferguson Tractor, is the brand on which every farmer of India has an irreplaceable trust. They produce tractors every time after considering the demand of the general farmers, their main aim is to satisfy the wants and needs of every farmer. Massey Ferguson Tractor is one of the most popular brands of the tractor industry. The company was established in 1847 by Daniel Massey, who was a farmer and producer of farming implements. And in 1958, the name was compressed to Massey Ferguson. The first Massey tractor was the MF35, launched in December 1957. This was the popular model of that time. Slowly the company made a valuable place in the hearts of its customers. Here we are sharing information about “Who is the manufacturer of the Massey Ferguson tractor?”.

Who is the manufacturer of the Massey Ferguson tractor ?

AGCO is a manufacturer of Massey Ferguson tractor. They stay a great seller around the world. This manufacturer offers a huge variety of farm tractors according to the wants of its customers. All the tractors of Massey Ferguson come with innovative and progressive features like heavy hydraulic lifting capacity which can easily lift heavy implements and large fuel tank capacity. Along with this, strong engine capacity, stylish look, and many more.

Massey Ferguson Tractor is reshaping the world from the time of the establishment. They always supply tractors that enhance productivity and performance on the field. Their tractors come with comfortable features that give long hours on the field. ‘Ghee Khao Desi, Chlao Massey’.

Massey History

Massey Ferguson founded by Daniel Massey in 1847 as the Newcastle Foundry and Machine Manufactory. Brand Massey Ferguson made the world’s first thresher. Massey Ferguson is world famous brand supplying a huge range of tractors and agricultural machinery. It is idol itself and has developed agriculture worldwide. Massey Ferguson offers versatile ranges and unique agricultural tractors with equipment. Their range of premium and innovative Massey Ferguson brand of tractors provide every farmer new and advanced mechanization need.

Why Massey Ferguson Tractors are perfect for the Farmers?

Massey Ferguson Tractor brand is the world’s 2nd topmost tractor and farm equipment company in India and most selling Tractor Company. It is known for its tractor Engine Power, mileage, and other features. Massey Ferguson Tractor supplies an exceptional range of Farm tractors and implements. Tractors of Massey have economical mileage on the fields and it has a unique electronic top link control system.

Massey Ferguson provides hugely technologically advanced tractors with improved tractor specifications even at extremely low and economical tractor prices. This fact makes it very popular in the Indian domain. It works for the development of the farmers and provides them with high class customer support via a 24 x 7 MF service center.

Massey Tractor Price and HP Range

Massey Ferguson tractor offers a wide range of farm implement which are superb in quality and rich in features. In India, Massey Ferguson provides a world class 25 plus tractor models hp ranging from 25 hp to 75 hp. It offers an affordable price ranging from The History of the Massey Ferguson Tractor Rs. 4.50 lakh* to Rs. 15.20 lakh*. Its tractor always comes with advanced latest Massey Ferguson tractor models with reasonable Massey Ferguson tractors price.

The History of the First Medicine, The invention of medicine is undoubtedly considered the most precious and beneficial in human civilization. The history of medicine shows a remarkable journey of how we humans have approached different illnesses and diseases from the early periods till date. Some of the early medicine traditions come from Babylon, China, Egypt, and India. Though, there isn’t much record of when and how plants were used as a healing agent. But, from ancient drawings discovered worldwide, it is believed that early humans used medicinal plants as healing agents. Here, we will study the history of medicine, the History of doctors, and the first medicine to be invented.

Prehistoric Medicine

Early humans were unaware of the various diseases and their medications. Early humans used the trial and error method to discover the medicinal benefits of plants and herbs. They considered common cold and constipation as a part of human existence and treated it with various herbs. The unidentified diseases were believed to be supernatural or cast of spells. There’s a common belief that in the world, the first doctors were sorcerers and magicians.

Magic and religious prayers played an essential role in prehistoric medicine. In ancient Mesopotamia, the people were not able to distinguish between magic and medicine. And if a person suffering from illness came to a doctor, the doctors would prescribe medicinal treatment and magical words to be recited. In the ancient era, the Babylonians, along with Egyptians, implemented diagnosis, physical examinations, and treatments. Early Egyptians were considered the healthiest with a notable healthcare system.

Traditional Medicine in India, China, and Japan

The Indian civilization was well developed in medicine with herbal treatments. The Atharvaveda, which belongs to the early iron age, throws light on the fact that early Indians used medications and ailments from herbs and other medicinal plants. 

The period from 800 BCE till 1000 BCE is considered the golden age of medicine in India with the introduction of medical treaties by Chakra, a physician, and Sushruta, a surgeon of ancient India. The knowledge of anatomy in ancient India was minimal as the Hindus were not allowed to cut dead bodies. The Indian physicians used all five senses in the diagnosis of diseases. The Indians were known to have identified around 700-800 medicinal plants in ancient times. They were also known for using animal parts for remedies.

On the other hand, Chinese medicine was of great importance in history. The Chinese considered the human body to be made up of five elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. As the Chinese’s religious beliefs forbade them from tearing the dead bodies, therefore their anatomy knowledge was based on assumptions. According to the ancient Chinese Anatomy, The body contained five organs: heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney, and the blood vessels contained blood and air.

Japanese medicine, on the other hand, is considered interesting for its slow start and rapid modernization. Japanese medicine took a turn in 608 CE when few Japanese physicians were sent to China for study. The Chinese have a significant influence on the Japanese medical system. 

The oldest Japanese medical work dates back to 983 CE, which Tamba Yasuyori wrote. In his works, he has discussed different kinds of diseases and their treatment. These diseases and treatments are classified according to body parts.  

Speaking of ancient medicine, you must have thought of the world’s first doctor. The first doctor in the world was from the Egyptian civilization. According to the medical information given in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which dates back to 3000 BC, Imhotep is credited with being the first doctor in the world. 

Now you may even ask who discovered medicine or who invented medicine? The answer to this is Hippocrates. Yes, Hippocrates is credited with being the man who invented medicine. He was a Greek physician who wrote the Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of seventy medical works. He is also accredited with the invention of the Hippocratic Oath for physicians.

Modern Medicine

The Renaissance brought about a significant change in the history of medicine. The period between the 16th and 18th centuries was remarkable for medicine. This period saw a rapid increase in experimental investigations and advanced anatomy. Even the first medicine was discovered during this period. The first modern medicine was developed in 1804 by Friedrich Serturner, who was a german scientist. He invented morphine which served as a painkiller in the 18th century. Later in this period, quinine and paracetamol were also invented. The practice of medicine took a rapid turn with physicians being more systematic in the diagnosis of diseases. The development and use of antiseptic and anaesthesia also increased in operations. Effective cures to many fatal diseases were discovered during this era. Improvement in public health was given utmost importance, and many hospitals were developed. The mid 18th century and early 19th century was the period when medicine was heavily professionalized. With the advancement in medicine, new career options opened up for women as well. They were appointed as nurses and physicians.

Thanks for your question Bridget. It depends on what we mean by medicine! People have been using different plants and minerals to treat illnesses for thousands of years. While these folk cures often had more to do with religion than science, doctors in Ancient Egypt, China, India, Greece and Rome did use early versions of laboratories to mix them.

Many of these potions, powders and creams didn’t really work, and some were actually poisonous. But others contained useful ingredients that we still use in our medicine today. For example, the plant milkweed – a traditional treatment for warts and tumours – is now an effective remedy for skin cancer.

For a long time, remedies were based on trial and error, superstition, and confused ideas about how our bodies work. Over the 1500s and 1600s people in Europe started using opium – a milky sap from the poppy plant – to treat pain.

Laudanum was a mixture made of opium, alcohol and herbs that helped with pain, insomnia, coughing and diarrhoea. Because there were so many horrible diseases in Europe at the time (and so few medicines that really did anything) laudanum was used to treat nearly everything, from colds to the Black Plague! Unfortunately, it was also very addictive.

Over the next 150 years, scientists learnt more about chemistry and biology. The first modern, pharmaceutical medicine was invented in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, a German scientist. He extracted the main active chemical from opium in his laboratory and named it morphine, after the Greek god of sleep.

Doctors used morphine to treat severe pain, and we still use it for that purpose in hospitals today. Sadly, Sertürner became addicted to his own drug, and warned people to be very careful with it.

Next came quinine, a cure for malaria, in 1820. Paracetamol was invented in 1877 and in the 1890s scientists first made aspirin from the bark of the willow tree. We still use these to treat headaches, fever and inflammation. And the first antibiotic, penicillin, was accidentally discovered in a lab in 1928.

Thousands of new remedies have since been made in laboratories. Right now, in 2019, more and more medicines are being developed using new and exciting biotechnologies.

The History of First Coffee, Coffee grown worldwide can trace its heritage back centuries to the ancient coffee forests on the Ethiopian plateau. There, legend says the goat herder Kaldi first discovered the potential of these beloved beans. The story goes that that Kaldi discovered coffee after he noticed that after eating the berries from a certain tree, his goats became so energetic that they did not want to sleep at night. Kaldi reported his findings to the abbot of the local monastery, who made a drink with the berries and found that it kept him alert through the long hours of evening prayer. The abbot shared his discovery with the other monks at the monastery, and knowledge of the energizing berries began to spread.As word moved east and coffee reached the Arabian peninsula, it began a journey which would bring these beans across the globe.

The Arabian Peninsula

Coffee cultivation and trade began on the Arabian Peninsula.  By the 15th century, coffee was being grown in the Yemeni district of Arabia and by the 16th century it was known in Persia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey.

Coffee was not only enjoyed in homes, but also in the many public coffee houses — called qahveh khaneh — which began to appear in cities across the Near East. The popularity of the coffee houses was unequaled and people frequented them for all kinds of social activity. 

Not only did the patrons drink coffee and engage in conversation, but they also listened to music, watched performers, played chess and kept current on the news.  Coffee houses quickly became such an important center for the exchange of information that they were often referred to as “Schools of the Wise.”

With thousands of pilgrims visiting the holy city of Mecca each year from all over the world, knowledge of this “wine of Araby” began to spread. 

Coffee Comes to Europe

European travelers to the Near East brought back stories of an unusual dark black beverage. By the 17th century, coffee had made its way to Europe and was becoming popular across the continent. 

Some people reacted to this new beverage with suspicion or fear, calling it the “bitter invention of Satan.” The local clergy condemned coffee when it came to Venice in 1615. The controversy was so great that Pope Clement VIII was asked to intervene. He decided to taste the beverage for himself before making a decision, and found the drink so satisfying that he gave it papal approval.

Despite such controversy, coffee houses were quickly becoming centers of social activity and communication in the major cities of England, Austria, France, Germany and Holland. In England “penny universities” sprang up, so called because for the price of a penny one could purchase a cup of coffee and engage in stimulating conversation.  

Coffee began to replace the common breakfast drink beverages of the time — beer and wine. Those who drank coffee instead of alcohol began the day alert and energized, and not surprisingly, the quality of their work was greatly improved. (We like to think of this a precursor to the modern office coffee service.)

By the mid-17th century, there were over 300 coffee houses in London, many of which attracted like-minded patrons, including merchants, shippers, brokers and artists.

Many businesses grew out of these specialized coffee houses. Lloyd’s of London, for example, came into existence at the Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House.

The New World

In the mid-1600’s, coffee was brought to New Amsterdam, later called New York by the British.

Though coffee houses rapidly began to appear, tea continued to be the favored drink in the New World until 1773, when the colonists revolted against a heavy tax on tea imposed by King George III. The revolt, known as the Boston Tea Party, would forever change the American drinking preference to coffee. 

“Coffee – the favorite drink of the civilized world.” – Thomas Jefferson

Plantations Around the World

As demand for the beverage continued to spread, there was fierce competition to cultivate coffee outside of Arabia. 

The Dutch finally got seedlings in the latter half of the 17th century. Their first attempts to plant them in India failed, but they were successful with their efforts in Batavia, on the island of Java in what is now Indonesia.  

The plants thrived and soon the Dutch had a productive and growing trade in coffee. They then expanded the cultivation of coffee trees to the islands of Sumatra and Celebes.

Coming to the Americas

In 1714, the Mayor of Amsterdam presented a gift of a young coffee plant to King Louis XIV of France. The King ordered it to be planted in the Royal Botanical Garden in Paris. In 1723, a young naval officer, Gabriel de Clieu obtained a seedling from the King’s plant. Despite a challenging voyage — complete with horrendous weather, a saboteur who tried to destroy the seedling, and a pirate attack — he managed to transport it safely to Martinique.  

Once planted, the seedling not only thrived, but it’s credited with the spread of over 18 million coffee trees on the island of Martinique in the next 50 years. Even more incredible is that this seedling was the parent of all coffee trees throughout the Caribbean, South and Central America.

The famed Brazilian coffee owes its existence to Francisco de Mello Palheta, who was sent by the emperor to French Guiana to get coffee seedlings. The French were not willing to share, but the French Governor’s wife, captivated by his good looks, gave him a large bouquet of flowers before he left— buried inside were enough coffee seeds to begin what is today a billion-dollar industry.

Missionaries and travelers, traders and colonists continued to carry coffee seeds to new lands, and coffee trees were planted worldwide. Plantations were established in magnificent tropical The History of First Coffee forests and on rugged mountain highlands. Some crops flourished, while others were short-lived. New nations were established on coffee economies. Fortunes were made and lost. The History of First Coffee By the end of the 18th century, coffee had become one of the world’s most profitable export crops. After crude oil, The History of First Coffee  is the most sought commodity in the world.

The History of the First Pencil, Having previously explored such mysteries as who invented writing and how sounds became shapes, it’s time to turn to something much less mysterious, a seemingly mundane yet enormously influential tool of human communication: the humble pencil. “Take a pencil to write with on aeroplanes. Pens leak,” states the first of Margaret Atwood’s 10 rules of writing. “But if the pencil breaks, you can’t sharpen it on the plane, because you can’t take knives with you. Therefore: take two pencils.” But even though the pencil has fueled such diverse feats of creative culture as celebrated artists’ sketchbooks, Marilyn Monroe’s soulful unpublished poems, Lisa Congdon’s stunning portraits, and David Byrne’s diagrams of the human condition, it has only been around for a little over two hundred years. In the altogether fascinating 100 Essential Things You Didn’t Know You Didn’t Know: Math Explains Your World (public library), John D. Barrow tells the story of this underrated technological marvel:

The modern pencil was invented in 1795 by Nicholas-Jacques Conte, a scientist serving in the army of Napoleon Bonaparte. The magic material that was so appropriate for the purpose was the form of pure carbon that we call graphite. It was first discovered in Europe, in Bavaria at the start of the fifteenth century; although the Aztecs had used it as a marker several hundred years earlier. Initially it was believed to be a form of lead and was called ‘plumbago’ or black lead (hence the ‘plumbers’ who mend our lead water-carrying pipes), a misnomer that still echoes in our talk of pencil ‘leads’. It was called graphite only in 1789, using the Greek word ‘graphein’ meaning ‘to write’. Pencil is an older word, derived from the Latin ‘pencillus’, meaning ‘little tail’, to describe the small ink brushes used for writing in the Middle Ages.

But the history of the pencil, like that of many seminal innovations, has a dark side:

The purest deposits of lump graphite were found in Borrowdale near Keswick [England] in the Lake District in 1564 and spawned quite a smuggling industry and associated black economy in the area. During the nineteenth century a major pencil manufacturing industry developed around Keswick in order to exploit the high quality of the graphite.

And yet the pencil industry blossomed:

The first factory opened in 1832, and the Cumberland Pencil Company has just celebrated its 175th anniversary; although the local mines have long been closed and supplies of the graphite used now come from Sri Lanka and other far away places. Cumberland pencils were those of the highest quality because the graphite used shed no dust and marked the paper very well.

Plain as it appears, however, the pencil has evolved significantly since its invention:

Conte’s original process for manufacturing pencils involved roasting a mixture of water, clay and graphite in a kiln at 1,900 degrees Fahrenheit before encasing the resulting soft solid in a wooden surround. The shape of that surround can be square, polygonal or round, depending on the pencil’s intended use — carpenters don’t want round pencils that are going to roll off the workbench. The hardness or softness of the final pencil ‘lead’ can be determined by adjusting the relative fractions of clay and graphite in the roasting mixture. Commercial pencil manufacturers typically market 20 grades of pencil, from the softest, 9B, to the hardest 9H, with the most popular intermediate value, HB, lying midway between H and B. ‘H’ means hard and ‘B’ means black. The higher the B number, the more graphite gets left on the paper. There is also an ‘F’, or Fine point, which is a hard pencil for writing rather than drawing.

Barrow offers the science behind an oft-cited trivia factlet:

The strange thing about graphite is that it is a form of pure carbon that is one of the softest solids known, and one of the best lubricants because the six carbon atoms that link to form a ring can slide easily over adjacent rings. Yet, if the atomic structure is changed, there is another crystalline form of pure carbon, diamond, that is one of the hardest solids known.

For the mathematically-minded, Barrow offers a delightful curiosity-quencher:

An interesting question is to ask how long a straight line could be drawn with a typical HB pencil before the lead was exhausted. The thickness of graphite left on a sheet of paper by The History of the First Pencil a soft 2B pencil is about 20 nanometers and a carbon atom has a diameter of 0.14 nanometers, so the pencil line is only about 143 atoms thick. The pencil lead is about 1 mm in radius and therefore ? square mm in area. If the length of the pencil is 15 cm, then the volume of graphite to be spread out on a straight line is 150? cubic mm. The History of the First Pencil If we draw a line of thickness 20 nanometers and width 2 mm, then there will be enough lead to continue for a distance L = 150? / 4 X 10^-7 mm = 1,178 kilometers.