18ą¤µą„€ą¤‚ ą¤øą¤¦ą„€ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤®ą¤§ą„ą¤Æ ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤¬ą„ą¤°ą¤æą¤Ÿą„‡ą¤Ø ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤¦ą„‡ą¤¶ ą¤øą„ą¤•ą„‰ą¤Ÿą¤²ą„ˆą¤‚ą¤” ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤ą¤• ą¤Ŗą„ą¤°ą¤øą¤æą¤¦ą„ą¤§ ą¤‡ą¤‚ą¤œą„€ą¤Øą¤æą¤Æą¤° ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤œą¤Øą„ą¤® ą¤¹ą„ą¤† ą¤„ą¤¾, ą¤œą¤æą¤øą¤Øą„‡ ą¤ą¤• ą¤†ą¤§ą„ą¤Øą¤æą¤• ą¤­ą¤¾ą¤‚ą¤Ŗ ą¤‡ą¤‚ą¤œą¤Ø ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤Øą¤æą¤°ą„ą¤®ą¤¾ą¤£ ą¤•ą¤° ą¤Ŗą„‚ą¤°ą„€ ą¤¦ą„ą¤Øą¤æą¤Æą¤¾ ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤”ą¤¦ą„ą¤Æą„‹ą¤—ą¤æą¤• ą¤•ą„ą¤°ą¤¾ą¤‚ą¤¤ą¤æ ą¤•ą„€ ą¤¶ą„ą¤°ą„ą¤†ą¤¤ ą¤•ą„€ ą¤„ą„€ą„¤ ą¤²ą„‡ą¤•ą¤æą¤Ø ą¤•ą„ą¤Æą¤¾ ą¤†ą¤Ŗą¤•ą„‹ ą¤Ŗą¤¤ą¤¾ ą¤¹ą„ˆ ą¤‰ą¤ø steam engine ka avishkar kisne kiya ą¤„ą¤¾? ą¤¤ą„‹ ą¤¬ą¤¤ą¤¾ ą¤¦ą„‡, ą¤‰ą¤ø ą¤Ŗą¤¹ą¤²ą„‡ ą¤­ą¤¾ą¤Ŗ ą¤‡ą¤‚ą¤œą¤Ø ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤Øą¤æą¤°ą„ą¤®ą¤¾ą¤£ ą¤‡ą¤‚ą¤œą„€ą¤Øą¤æą¤Æą¤°Ā ą¤œą„‡ą¤®ą„ą¤ø ą¤µą¤¾ą„…ą¤ŸĀ (James Watt) ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤øą¤Øą„ 1776 ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤•ą¤æą¤Æą¤¾ ą¤„ą¤¾ą„¤ą¤†ą¤—ą„‡ ą¤šą¤²ą¤•ą¤° ą¤‰ą¤ø ą¤øą„ą¤Ÿą„€ą¤® ą¤‡ą¤‚ą¤œą¤Ø ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤‰ą¤Ŗą¤Æą„‹ą¤— ą¤Ŗą„‚ą¤°ą„€ ą¤¦ą„ą¤Øą¤æą¤Æą¤¾ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤‰ą¤¦ą„ą¤Æą„‹ą¤—ą„‹ą¤‚ ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤®ą¤¶ą¤æą¤Øą„‹ą¤‚ ą¤•ą„‹ ą¤šą¤²ą¤¾ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤²ą¤æą¤ ą¤•ą¤æą¤Æą¤¾ ą¤—ą¤Æą¤¾, ą¤œą¤æą¤øą¤øą„‡ ą¤‰ą¤Øą¤•ą„€ ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°ą„ą¤Æą¤•ą„ą¤·ą¤®ą¤¤ą¤¾ ą¤”ą¤° ą¤‰ą¤¤ą„ą¤Ŗą¤¾ą¤¦ą¤Ø ą¤¶ą¤•ą„ą¤¤ą¤æ ą¤¬ą„ ą¤—ą¤ˆą„¤ ą¤øą¤Øą„ 1825 ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚Ā ą¤Ÿą„ą¤°ą„‡ą¤Ø ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤†ą¤µą¤æą¤·ą„ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°Ā ą¤­ą„€ ą¤‡ą¤øą„€ ą¤–ą„‹ą¤œ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°ą¤£ ą¤øą¤‚ą¤­ą¤µ ą¤¹ą„‹ ą¤Ŗą¤¾ą¤Æą¤¾ą„¤ ą¤­ą¤¾ą¤Ŗ ą¤‡ą¤‚ą¤œą¤Ø ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤Øą¤æą¤°ą„ą¤®ą¤¾ą¤£ ą¤•ą„€ ą¤‰ą¤Ŗą¤²ą¤¬ą„ą¤§ą¤æ ą¤‡ą¤¤ą¤Øą„€ ą¤®ą¤¹ą¤¤ą„ą¤µą¤Ŗą„‚ą¤°ą„ą¤£ ą¤„ą„€ ą¤•ą¤æ ą¤†ą¤œ ą¤‰ą¤øą„‡ ą¤Ŗą„‚ą¤°ą„‡ ą¤µą¤æą¤¶ą„ą¤µ ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤…ą¤¤ą¤æ ą¤Ŗą„ą¤°ą¤­ą¤¾ą¤µą¤¶ą¤¾ą¤²ą„€ ą¤†ą¤µą¤æą¤·ą„ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°ą„‹ą¤‚ ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤øą„‡ ą¤ą¤• ą¤®ą¤¾ą¤Øą¤¾ ą¤œą¤¾ą¤¤ą¤¾ ą¤¹ą„ˆą„¤

 

 

 

 

 

 

Locomotives - The Transcontinental Railroad

 

 

 

 

ą¤œą„‡ą¤®ą„ą¤ø ą¤µą¤¾ą„…ą¤Ÿ ą¤”ą¤° ą¤øą„ą¤Ÿą„€ą¤® ą¤‡ą¤‚ą¤œą¤Ø ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤†ą¤µą¤æą¤·ą„ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°

ą¤œą„‡ą¤®ą„ą¤ø ą¤µą¤¾ą„…ą¤Ÿ ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤œą¤Øą„ą¤® ą¤øą„ą¤•ą„‰ą¤Ÿą¤²ą„ˆą¤‚ą¤” ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤—ą„ą¤°ą„€ą¤Øą„‰ą¤• ą¤Øą¤¾ą¤®ą¤• ą¤¶ą¤¹ą¤° ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤øą¤Øą„ 1736 ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤¹ą„ą¤† ą¤„ą¤¾ą„¤ ą¤œą„‡ą¤®ą„ą¤ø ą¤µą¤¾ą„…ą¤Ÿ ą¤…ą¤Ŗą¤Øą„‡ ą¤Ŗą¤¾ą¤‚ą¤š ą¤­ą¤¾ą¤ˆ-ą¤¬ą¤¹ą¤Øą„‹ą¤‚ ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤øą¤¬ą¤øą„‡ ą¤¬ą¤”ą¤¼ą„‡ ą¤„ą„‡ą„¤ ą¤‰ą¤Øą¤•ą„‡ ą¤Ŗą¤æą¤¤ą¤¾ ą¤œą„‡ą¤®ą„ą¤ø ą¤µą¤¾ą„…ą¤Ÿ ą¤øą„€ą¤Øą¤æą¤Æą¤° ą¤œą¤¹ą¤¾ą¤œ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤•ą¤Ŗą„ą¤¤ą¤¾ą¤Ø ą¤„ą„‡ ą¤¤ą¤„ą¤¾ ą¤øą¤¾ą¤„-ą¤øą¤¾ą¤„ ą¤œą¤¹ą¤¾ą¤œ ą¤¬ą¤Øą¤¾ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤® ą¤­ą„€ ą¤•ą¤æą¤Æą¤¾ ą¤•ą¤°ą¤¤ą„‡ ą¤„ą„‡ą„¤

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ą¤œą„‡ą¤®ą„ą¤ø ą¤œą¤¬ 18 ą¤øą¤¾ą¤² ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤„ą„‡ ą¤¤ą„‹ ą¤‰ą¤Øą¤•ą„€ ą¤®ą¤¾ą¤¤ą¤¾ ą¤ą¤—ą„ą¤°ą„‡ą¤ø ą¤®ą„ą¤‡ą¤°ą¤¹ą„‡ą¤” ą¤•ą„€ ą¤®ą„ƒą¤¤ą„ą¤Æą„ ą¤¹ą„‹ ą¤—ą¤ˆ ą¤ą¤µą¤‚ ą¤‰ą¤Øą¤•ą„‡ ą¤Ŗą¤æą¤¤ą¤¾ ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤øą„ą¤µą¤¾ą¤øą„ą¤„ą„ą¤Æ ą¤­ą„€ ą¤–ą¤°ą¤¾ą¤¬ ą¤¹ą„‹ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤²ą¤—ą¤¾ą„¤ ą¤‰ą¤øą„€ ą¤¦ą„Œą¤°ą¤¾ą¤Ø ą¤‰ą¤Øą„ą¤¹ą„‹ą¤‚ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤²ą¤‚ą¤¦ą¤Ø ą¤œą¤¾ą¤•ą¤° ą¤•ą„‹ą¤ˆ ą¤Øą„Œą¤•ą¤°ą„€ ą¤•ą¤°ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤Øą¤æą¤°ą„ą¤£ą¤Æ ą¤•ą¤æą¤Æą¤¾ą„¤ ą¤²ą¤‚ą¤¦ą¤Ø ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤‰ą¤Øą„ą¤¹ą„‹ą¤‚ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤²ą¤—ą¤­ą¤— ą¤ą¤• ą¤µą¤°ą„ą¤· ą¤¤ą¤• ą¤‰ą¤Ŗą¤•ą¤°ą¤£ ą¤¬ą¤Øą¤¾ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤Ŗą„ą¤°ą¤¶ą¤æą¤•ą„ą¤·ą¤£ ą¤²ą¤æą¤Æą¤¾ ą¤”ą¤° ą¤«ą¤æą¤° ą¤—ą„ą¤²ą¤¾ą¤øą¤—ą„‹ ą¤²ą„Œą¤Ÿą¤•ą¤° ą¤—ą¤£ą¤æą¤¤ą„€ą¤Æ ą¤‰ą¤Ŗą¤•ą¤°ą¤£ą„‹ą¤‚ ą¤•ą„‹ ą¤¬ą¤Øą¤¾ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤•ą„€ ą¤ą¤• ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°ą„ą¤Æą¤¶ą¤¾ą¤² ą¤–ą„‹ą¤² ą¤²ą„€ą„¤ ą¤²ą„‡ą¤•ą¤æą¤Ø ą¤®ą„ˆą¤•ą„‡ą¤Øą¤æą¤• ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤øą¤¾ą¤¤ ą¤µą¤°ą„ą¤·ą„‹ą¤‚ ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤œą¤°ą„‚ą¤°ą„€ ą¤…ą¤Ŗą„ą¤°ą„‡ą¤‚ą¤Ÿą¤æą¤øą¤¶ą¤æą¤Ŗ ą¤Ø ą¤¹ą„‹ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°ą¤£ ą¤øą„ą¤„ą¤¾ą¤Øą„€ą¤Æ ą¤Æą„‚ą¤Øą¤æą¤Æą¤Ø ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤¦ą¤¬ą¤¾ą¤µ ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤µą¤æą¤µą¤¶ ą¤¹ą„‹ą¤•ą¤° ą¤‰ą¤Øą„ą¤¹ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤…ą¤Ŗą¤Øą¤¾ ą¤µą„ą¤Æą¤µą¤øą¤¾ą¤Æ ą¤œą¤²ą„ą¤¦ ą¤¹ą„€ ą¤¬ą¤‚ą¤¦ ą¤•ą¤°ą¤Øą¤¾ ą¤Ŗą„œą¤¾ą„¤

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ą¤øą¤Øą„ 1757 ą¤®ą„‡ą¤‚ ą¤µą¤æą¤¶ą„ą¤µą¤µą¤æą¤¦ą„ą¤Æą¤¾ą¤²ą¤Æ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤Ŗą„ą¤°ą¤¾ą¤§ą„ą¤Æą¤¾ą¤Ŗą¤•ą„‹ą¤‚ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤…ą¤Øą„ą¤°ą„‹ą¤§ ą¤Ŗą¤° ą¤œą„‡ą¤®ą„ą¤ø ą¤Øą„‡ ą¤µą¤æą¤¶ą„ą¤µą¤µą¤æą¤¦ą„ą¤Æą¤¾ą¤²ą¤Æ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤…ą¤‚ą¤¦ą¤° ą¤¹ą„€ ą¤ą¤• ą¤›ą„‹ą¤Ÿą„€ ą¤øą„€ ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°ą„ą¤Æą¤¶ą¤¾ą¤²ą¤¾ ą¤–ą„‹ą¤² ą¤²ą„€ą„¤ ą¤¤ą¤¬ ą¤‰ą¤ø ą¤µą¤æą¤¶ą„ą¤µą¤µą¤æą¤¦ą„ą¤Æą¤¾ą¤²ą¤Æ ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤¦ą„‹ ą¤šą¤°ą„ą¤šą¤æą¤¤ ą¤Ŗą„ą¤°ą„‹ą¤«ą„‡ą¤øą¤°ą„‹ą¤‚ ā€“ ą¤°ą¤¾ą¤œą¤Øą„ˆą¤¤ą¤æą¤• ą¤…ą¤°ą„ą¤„ą¤¶ą¤¾ą¤øą„ą¤¤ą„ą¤°ą„€ Adam Smith ą¤”ą¤° ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°ą„ą¤¬ą¤Ø-ą¤”ą¤¾ą¤‡ą¤‘ą¤•ą„ą¤øą¤¾ą¤‡ą¤” ą¤—ą„ˆą¤ø ą¤•ą„‡ ą¤–ą„‹ą¤œą¤•ą¤°ą„ą¤¤ą¤¾ Joseph Black ą¤øą„‡ ą¤‰ą¤Øą¤•ą„€ ą¤¦ą„‹ą¤øą„ą¤¤ą„€ ą¤¹ą„‹ ą¤—ą¤ˆą„¤ ą¤µą„‡ ą¤¦ą„‹ą¤Øą„‹ą¤‚ ą¤Ŗą„ą¤°ą„‹ą¤«ą„‡ą¤øą¤° ą¤œą„€ą¤µą¤Ø ą¤­ą¤° ą¤‰ą¤Øą¤•ą„‡ ą¤®ą¤æą¤¤ą„ą¤° ą¤¬ą¤Ø ą¤°ą¤¹ą„‡ ą¤¤ą¤„ą¤¾ ą¤‰ą¤Øą¤•ą„‡ ą¤•ą¤ˆ ą¤®ą¤¹ą¤¤ą„ą¤µą¤Ŗą„‚ą¤°ą„ą¤£ ą¤•ą¤¾ą¤°ą„ą¤Æą„‹ą¤‚ ą¤•ą¤¾ ą¤®ą¤¾ą¤°ą„ą¤—ą¤¦ą¤°ą„ą¤¶ą¤Ø ą¤­ą„€ ą¤•ą¤æą¤Æą¤¾ą„¤

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